Method of making relief pictures and manner of viewing same



Oct. 11, 1932. H, E, WES 1,882,424

METHOD OF MAKING RELIEF PICTURES AND MANNER OF VIEWING SAME Filed May :51. 1930 s Sheets-Sheet 1 Izg/L lNVENTOR JW M1, (P M/0 ATTORNEY Oct. 11, 1932. I H. E. IVES 1,382,424

METHOD OF MAKING RELIEF PICTURES AND MANNER OF VIEWING SAME Filed May 31, 1950 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR YW B y TTORNEY H. E. IVES Oct. 11, 1932.

METHOD OF MAKING RELIEF PICTURES AND MANNER OF VIEWING SAME Filed May 31. 1950 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 wax Illa. G a

wammm iwA Q Patented Oct. 11, 1932 PATENT OFFICE I HERBERT E. IVES, OF MONTCLAIB, NEW JERSEY METHOD OF MAKING'REIJEIF PICTURES OF SAME Application Med May 31,

My invention relates to parallax panoramagrams, this being a term which I employ as descriptive of pictures showing stere-' oscopic relief through a wide range of distances and angles of observation- Such pictures have heretofore been made by anyone of several kinds of camera, in which the object,;the photographic lens, the opaque line grating, and the sensitive plate,

are given a relative motion during the progress of the exposure; In all cases, whether separation of the gratin and plate is depended on to cause the evelopment of thepanoramic strips by parallax, ora relative motion is given to plate and gratin a com- 7 mon characteristic is the motion oi thelens with respect to the object, whereby different points ofv view are successively projected upon a grating and late.

29 My improved met 0d provides for the use of a photographic lens of very large diameter, meaning thereby large as compared to the distance between the eyes. I am aware that the idea of using a large lens is not new,

perse, but the procedure, as disclosed in the prior, art, downot give a satisfactory relief picture. 1 v a The object of my inventionis, to provide a method which, if followed, will producesatisfactory relief pictures,'when taken with a wide lens and viewed in the manner hereinafter described.

- Reference is to be hadto the accompanying drawings,-forming a part of this specification, in which similar reference numerals indicate similar parts throughout the entire description, in which- Fig. 1 shows a method of making paralla x, panoramagram negatives by a moving lens exposing a sensitive plate behind a grating.

slightly separated from it, the lens, grating and plate being maintained in line during the exposure; a

Fig. 2 shows a method of making similar negatives by a large stationary lens, projecting an image on a stationary plate through a grating slightly separated from it;

path of light beams to the eye, where the pic- FE g. 3 is a diagrammatic view showing the 1980. Serial No. 458,303.

ture is viewed with the grating between the eye and the picture Fig. 4is a similar view, showing the path of the light beams to the eye, where the picture is viewed with the plate between the grating and the eye Fig. 5 is a similar view, showing the plate mtermediate the eye and the grating, but withthe emulsion side of the plate toward the eye; and" s Fig. 6 is adiagzammatic view, showing the paths of light ams from the large lens, from a-viewing screen or gratin behlnd the plate as shown separately in Figs. 7 and 8.

' ig .7 isadi ammatlc view, show'in the paths of light beams through the large' ens, m takinghe picture. Fig. 8 shows the paths of light from-the position of the large lens used in taking from a viewing screen or' grating behind the plate. Fig. 9 shows di a. grammatically the use of a 45 mirror. to correct the inversion of the picture either in taking or viewin "Fig. 10 1s a rspeetive View of a grating aving lentic ar ridges. Fi 11 is adiagrammatic view showing the wi e obvious to ,persons'skilled in the-art, that in practice, commercial requirements will impose limitations to the size of the lens, though not affecting invention. The relative'functions of the-moving lens B and of my large diameter lens A are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. 'It is .clear that each element of the large lensA forms an image, similar to the'image'fromthe moving lens B when occupying the position of. the element. The image, however, is formed by rays which intersect the plane of the grating Grand plate P atthat side of the normal -opposite-that which such rays intersect when projected from the moving lens B. This grating may be constructed of aplane provided with alternate opaqueand transparent spaces or it 103 the-theory of operation of my *5 may be formed of a plurality of lenticular r-aasshowninFigm.

this for the moment, the significantthingtonoteigthatbyasingleexposure from the lens A a multiplicity of may produced on the sensitive p P behind and slightly separated from the opaque line grating G- As has long been known in photography, 1 large diameter lens has the pro rty of looking around a solid E ordina photograph however, no means is provi d ed for roger y utilizing this property; it results 0 ie y in poor definition outside the focal plane, or poor depth of focus. When, therefore, an opaque hue grating, having wide opaque and narrow clear spaces (say, in the ratio of 10 to 1), is placed between the lens and the plate, the rays striking the plate at various angles are separated from each other, and can then be picked up, on viewin through a similar ting, properly pla when the eye is in esame position with respect to the image as the (unobstructed) lens element was to the ob ect.

A positive contact print, made from a negative according to the showing in Fig. 2, apon microscopic examination like a re ular fparallax pano ramagram, i. e. a series of stri each in intensity from side to side? If, however, this positive is lacedbehhidanopaquelinegratingexylikethatnsedin ,andse'parated bytheamedistanceit oesnotyielda pic, butapseudoscopic, image. This is due to the inversion of direcfion of the incident light beans above noted. As is well knowmin pic pictures by a twin-lens camera, the print must be cut in two and the pictures or, putting it another way, each picture must be separately rotated about an axis perpendicular to its Inverting prisms are sometimes used in pic apparatus to obviate this transposition of the image. In the structured as shown in F' .2, the multiple con stituent images are ted to each other as the twin imagis from a stereoscopic camera before cutting apart, and there is no way, comparable to the use of inverting prisms, by which the images may be properly oriented. The recovery of a stereoscopic from this becomes, therefore, a crucial prob I have found it pofible to overcome this occurrence of pseudoscopic where stereoscopic is desired, by a fact which has been noticed frequently pm 111 nv0 n In. If the J n or 0.1! I" H It fromtha i.e.ifthegrafingisviewed throughthepidmwitha light somesbnekofthegrating,the w picture is hansfonned into a 1,sea,424

one. The a plication to the pictures made by means 0? the large diameter lens A is immediate. This requires the use of a diaphragm D having a horizontal'rectangular opemng which extends the width of the lens A. If these are mounted for vie with the grating on the side away from e eye, thereliefwillthenbe correct. shown in Figs. 3 aud4 give the paths 0 light beamstothetwoeyesineachcase.

It is found, however, owing to the nature of the paths followed by the light rays in taking and viewing the picture, that if the arrangement of late and gratinfieshown in Fig. 4 is used, e picture will seen inverted as in a. mirror. More serious still is the fact that if a grating is used, identical in spacing with that of the taking grating, as has been previously proposed, the picture is spoiled by the occurrence of interference bands, or moir pattering, between the lines of the grating and the panoramic strips of which the picture is composed.

The cause of these objectionable features may be ve readily understood, by reference to igs. 6, and 8 if the paths of re resentstive beams from the large lens A are ollowed, as there shown. In this view, B and L are two beams, componding to the t and left eyes, tpassing through the lens to the right of e central or axial ray They form infinitesimal linear elements 1' and Z of a constituent picture strip, after through a clear space 0 in the grating G which is separated from the sensitive plate P by the distance d (here shown eno exaggerated for clearness). I make a positive contact print from P upon a second sensitive plate P,,-a.nd imagine P, removed so that sensitive surface of P, occupies the position originally occupied bv the negative emulsion layer. I then place a new G, at the same distance behind the 'tive photographic layer, that G, occupied m front of the negative layer.

Assuming the two eyes to be placed so as to observe the picture and ting from the approximate position of the ens A, but on theother side of the axial ray C from the ra originally striking the plate. as shown at and L, and tracing the rays from R and L to the grating space 0:, (the ting G being removed) 1t is seen, to a ose approximatron, the ray from the right eye passes through r, and that from the left eye through Z. complete im ly disposed right and left, by virtue of viewed from the lens side. In short,

eye is receiving the proper view in the p direction for stereosco ic relief. The however, is inverted a ut a horizontal or is upside down.

I remedy this defect quite simply, by turnng the pomtive over about a horizontal axis in its own plane, so that its emulsion side age is, moreover, correctis toward the eye, instead of its glass side, as shown in Fig. 5. When this is done, the relief picture has an exposed film surface, which requires an extra covering glass to prevent injury. The same optical result may be attained, while avoiding this inconvenience, by inserting the negative plate backward and exposing through the glass. An optically ideal solution is to use a mirror M in taking or viewing as shown in Fig. 9. (It is indifferent whether this transposes right and left, or up and down.) In practice, however, this transposition may often be omitted, since the mirror image, obtained without transposing, isusually quite satisfactory.

My method of avoiding the second defect hereinbefore referred to, namely, the occurrence of moir patterning when identical gratings are used for taking and viewing, is also made clear by reference to Fig. 6. Considering the rays R and L to the two eyes, from the points 1- and Z on the plate P it is seen that these diverge from an opening 0 i in the grating G which lies farther from the perpendicular to the lens and grating N N than does the opening 0 in the taking grating G The two openings 0 and O lie in fact upon the axial ray C, to either side of which the corresponding taking and viewing rays are disposed, as already discussed. The viewing grating G, must therefore be magnified as compared to the taking grating G or be of coarser spacing, in the proportion shown.

The proportion is exactly defined as follows: If F is the distance between the lens A and the grating G and d is the distance between the grating G and the sensitive surface of P then the distance between the centers of the lines of grating G must be larger than the distance between the centers of the lines of grating G in the proportion of F+2d to F. This enlargement of the viewing grating G depends necessarily on the separation d which is chosen, between the grating G and the sensitive plate P which in turn is governed by the size of the lens A. The separation at should be such that the strips of photographic action behind the clear grating spaces juxtapose so as to utilize completely the whole area of the plate P In the discussion of the paths of the light beams in connection with Fig. 6, it was stated that to a close approximation, both the taking and viewing right and left I beams pass through the same points 1' and l of the panoramic image strip. This issubstantially the case for small angles of incidence, but progressive deviation from this condition occurs as the angle of observation increases. The position of coincidence .of the two sets of beams does not lie on the sensitive late P, but on the normal to the axial ray Consequently, the viewing beams for the two eyes in general intersect the 'plate P farther from the axial ray C than they should, and this error becomes greater the greater the angle of observation, that is, under conditions which are the result of using extremely large diameter lenses, or very large di ameter sensitive plates, for taking the pict'ures. This error can be corrected to some extent by increasing the viewing opening grating somewhat over that called for by the relationship disclosed above, and also by decreasing somewhat the separation between viewing grating and plate as compared to the separation used between taking grating and plate.

In practice, in making relief pictures by my method, I have used a 24-inch focus f/2 lens A, which was furnished with a special diaphragm, consisting of a horizontal rectangular slot one inch high, so that the exposures from all parts of the lens A, considercd as a series of horizontal elements would be alike. Exposures were made, of objects to be reproduced in approximately natural size, on l0 12 plates, through a grating G of lines to the inch. Under these conditions, the 12-inch diameter lens A was approximately four feet from the plate P, and a separation of one-twelfth of an inch between grating G and plate P was suitable.

In order to view the positive contact transparency prints made from these negatives, it was found necessary, in practice, to have gratings G of approximately one-half of 1% larger line spacing than the taking gratings Although such viewing gratings G differ from the taking gratings G by only about two lines across their whole width, this difference is absolutely necessary, as is shown by the occurrence of moir patterning if a. grating, of identical spacing to the taking grating, is tried for viewing purposes.

Pictures made by my new method exhibit very satisfactory relief. The angle through which the relief holds is, of course, limited by the size of the lens A used in taking. With pictures thus niade, the width of the observation zone cannot exceed 12" at four feet viewing distance. When the eyes move outside this zone the picture repeats itself, after passing through a narrow zone of con fusion, where vision is either monocular or pseudoscopic, depending on the width of the dead space between strips. In a sense these pictures are more like lateral series of par allax stereograms, of the eyes is not so sterograms than they are like true'panoranagrams, w ch latter would present only one relief .picture visible through a wide for which the position angle. The use of a still larger lens of the same focal length would, of course, make for closer similarity to a true panoramagram. Since the lens consists'merely of a horizontal strip section, it is not unreasonable to becritical as with ordinary lieve that the technical problem of designing a suitable lens with as high an aperture as F/l would present no insuperable difiiculties.

A great advantage of my method of making relief pictures is the simplicity of the apparatus required, and of its manipulation. A valuable feature is the great shortening of the total exposure time, in that all of the elementary exposures are made simultaneous- 1y. With the apparatus described herein, the necessary exposure in strong artificial light is about one second.

Having described my invention, what I regard as new, and desire to obtain by Letters Patent of the United States, is:

1. The combination, with a light source, of a stereoscopic picture, comprisng a positive made from a negative consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, made b a single exposure on a stationary photograp 'c plate, in a stationary camera having a wide lens and with a diaphragm having a horizontal rectan r opening which extends the width of sai lens, said exposure being made through a stationary grating spaced from said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, and a viewing grati mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the spacing between the vertical lines in the viewing grating being greater than in the taking grating, said picture being mounted, for viewing, with the emulsion side of said plate toward the eye of 3'; the observer.

- 2. The combination, with a light source, of a stereoscopic picture, comprising a positive made from a negative consisting of a multi-- plicity of strip images, made by a single exposure on a stationary photographic plate in a stationary camera having a lens of a wi comparable in diameter with the object to be photographed and with a diaphragm having a horizontal rectangular opening which extends the width of said. lens, said exposure being made through a stationary grating spaced from said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent verfical lines, and a viewing grating, mounted 5. intermediate said picture and said light, the vertical lines in the viewing grating being of greater sp than in the taking grating, said picture 1) ate being mounted, for viewing, with the emulsion side of said plate toward the eye of the observer.

3. The combination, with a light source, of

a sterescopic picture, comprising a positive made from a negative conslsting of a multiphclty of strip Imag m de by a single exm a stationary camera and with a diaphragm having a horizontal r opening which extends the width of said lens, said exposure being made through a stationary grating spaced from on a stationary photographic plate, 8

having a wide lens aaaam said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and parent vertical lines, and a viewing grating mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the spacmg between the vertical lines in the viewing grating being greater than inthe taking grating. 4. The combination, with a lig t source, of a stereoscopic picture, comprising a posi tive made from a negative consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, made b a single exposure on a stationary photograp ic plate, in a stationary camera having a lens of a width greater than the ob'ect to be photoaphed and with a diap ragm having a orizontal rectangular opening which extends the width of said lens, said exposure being made through a stationary grating spaced from said p ate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, and a viewing grating mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the spacing betwtzan the verticalhlines in lthe viewing I in eater 1: an in t e ta ing gratil i gt s iiid pic ge plate being mounted, for viewing, with the emulsion side of said plate toward the eye of the observer.

5. The combination, with a lightsource, of a stereoscopic picture, com-prising a positive made from a negative consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, made by a single exposure on a stationary photographic plate, in a stationary camera having a wide lens and with a diaphragm having a horizontal rectagular opemng which extends the width of said lens, said exposure being made through a stationary grating spaced from said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, and a viewing 'gratin mounted intermediate said picture and sai light, the spacing beth tween the vertical lines in the viewing gratbeing ter than in the takin grating su t1 y in the proportion o t e distance from the taking ens plus twice the separation of taking grating and sensitive surface to the distance between taking lens and sensitive surface.

6. The combination, with a light source, of a stereoscopic picture, comprising a positive made from a negative consisting of a mul-- tiplicity of strip images, made by a single exposure on a statio photographic late, in a stationary camera aving a wide ens and with diaphragm having a horizontal rectanfular opening which extends the width of sai lens, said exposure be' made through a stationary grating spaced rom said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, and a viewing ting mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the spacing between the vertical lines in the viewing grating being greater than in the taking grating substantially in the roportion of the distance from the taking ens plus twice the separation of taking gating and sensitive surface to the distance tween taking lens and sensitive surface, said picture plate being mounted, for viewing, with the emulsion side of said plate toward the eye of the observer.

7. The combination, with a light source, of a stereoscopic picture, comprising a positive made from a negative consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, made by a single exposure on a stationary photographic plate, in a stationary camera having a lens of a width comparable in diameter with the object to be photographed and with a diaphragm having a horizontal rectangular opening which extends the width of said lens, said exposure being made through a stationary grating spaced from said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent lines. and a viewing grating, mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the vertical lines in the viewing grating being of greater spacing than in the taking grating substantially in the proportion of the distance from the taking lens plus twice the separation of taking grating and sensitive Surface to the distance between taking lens and sensitive surface, said picture being mounted, for viewing, with the emulson side of said plate toward the eye of the observer.

8. The combination, with a light source, of a stereoscopic picture, comprising a positive made from a. negative consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, made by 'a single exposure on a stationary photographic plate, in a stationary camera having a lens of a width greater than the object to be photographed and with a diaphragm having a hen. izontal rectangular opening which extends the width of said lens, said exposure being made through a stationary gratin spaced from said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, and a viewing grating, mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the spacing between the vertical lines in the viewing grating being greater than in the takin grating substantially in the proportion of t e dis- ,tance from the takinglens plus twice the separation of taking grating and sensitive surface to the distance between taking lens and sensitive surface, said picture vplate being mounted, for viewing, with the emulsion side of said plate toward the eye of the observer.

9. The combination, with a light source, of

a stereoscopic picture, comprising a positive made from a negative consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, made by a single ex posure on a stationary photographic plate, in a stationary camera having a wide lens and with a diaphragm having a horizontal rectangular opening which extends the width of said lens, said exposure being made through ,a stationary grating spaced from said plate,

said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent'vertical lines, and a viewing gratin mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the spacing between the vertical lines in the viewing grating being greater than in the taking grating, the spacing between the positive and the viewing grating being slightly less than between the negative and the taking grating. v

10. The combination, with a light source, of a stereoscopic picture, comprismg a positive made from a negative consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, made by a single exposure on'a stationary photographic plate, in a stationary camera having a wide lens and with a diaphragm having a horizontal rectangular opening which extends the width of said lens, a mirror mounted in front of said lens to transpose the image, said exposure being made through a stationary grating spaced from said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transpar- -ent vertical lines. and a viewing grating mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the spacing between the vertical lines in the viewing grating being greater than in the taking grating.

11. The combination, with a light source. of a stereoscopic picture, comprising a positive made from a negative consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, made by a sin le exposure on a stationary photographic p ate, in a stationary camera having a lens of a. width comparable in diameter with the object to be photographed and with a diaphragm having a horizontal rectangular opening which extends the width of said lens, a 45 mirror mounted in front of said lens to transpose the image, said exposure being made through a stationary grating spaced from said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, and a viewing grating. mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the vertical lines in the viewing grating being of greater spacing than in the taking gratin 12. The method of ta lzing and viewing stereoscopic pictures, comprising the making of a negative, consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, by a single exposure on a stationary photographic plate, in a stationary camera, having a wide lens and with :1 diaphragm having a 1 horizontal rectangular opening which extends the width ofsaid lens. said exposure being made through a stationary grating spaced from said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, mounting in front of a light a positive contact print made from said negative, and viewing said positive with a grating having alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, the spzcing of said lines in said viewing grating ing greater than in the taking grating, said viewing grating being located between said positive and said li ht.

13. The combination, with a light source,

consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, and a viewing mounted intermediate said picture and sai light, the spacing between the vertical lines in the viewing grating being greater than in the taking grating.

14. The combination, with a. light source, of a stereoscopic picture, comprising a positive made from a negative consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, made by a single exposure on a stationary photographic plate, in a stationary camera having a lens of a width comparable in diameter with the ob ject to be photogra hed and with a diaphragm having a orizontal rectangular open ng which extends the width of said lens,

' a 45 mirror mounted behind said lens to spacing of the ridges in the taking said viewing grating being located transpose the image, said exposure beigg made through a stationary grating spa from said plate, said grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical. lines, and a viewing grating, mounted intermediate said picture and said light, the vertical lines in the viewing grating being of greater spacing than in the taking ating.

15. The method of taking an viewing stereoscopic pictures, comprising the making of a negative, consisting of a multiplicity of strip images, by a single exposure on a stationary hotographic plate, in a stationary camera, ving a wide lens and with a diaphragm having a horizontal rectangular opening which extends the width of said lens,-

said exposure being made through a stationfrom said plate, said gratmg consisting of lenticular ridges, mounting in front of a light a positive contact print made from said negative, and viewing said positive with a grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, the spacing between said vertical lines in magmas,

ary grating spaced from said plate, said exposure being made with the late mounted with its emulsion side away m the grating, said grating consisting of alternate o e and 1; vertical lines, mounting in front of a light a positive contact rint made from said negative with its em 'on side toward the light, and viewing said positive withagratingha alternateo and transparent vertical es, said viewing grating being of greater line spacing than the taking grating, said viewing grating being located between said positive and said t. a 17. The method of taking and viewing stereoscopic pictures, comprising the making of a negative, co of a multiplicity of strip ,byasingeexposureon'astationary otographic plate, in a stationary camera, ving a wide lens and with a'dia phragm having a. horizontal rectangular 0 which extends the width of said lens,

said exposure bein made thro h a. stationary grating spa from said p ate, said exposure being made with the late mounted with emulsion side away om the gratmg, 881d co ridges, mounting m front 0 a t a ppsltive contact rint made from sai negative with its em viewing said positive with a grating consisting of alternate opaque and transparent vertical lines, the spacing between said vertical lines in the viewing grating be greater than the spacing of the ridges in e ting, said viewing being 1 tween said positive and sai t.

HERBERT IVES.

said viewing grating being greater than the time. said positive and said light.

16. The method of taking and viewing stereoscopic pictures, comprising the of a negative, consistin of a multiplicity o strip images,by asinge exposureon as'tationary photographic plate, in a stationary camera, having a wide lens and with a diaphragm having a horizontal rectangular opening which extends the Width of said lens, said exposure being madethrough a stationon side toward the light, an

of lenticular 

